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Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering (GISAS) is a scattering technique used to study nanostructured surfaces and thin films. The scattered probe is either photons (Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, GISAXS) or neutrons (Grazing-incidence small-angle neutron scattering, GISANS). GISAS combines the accessible length scales of Small-angle scattering (SAS: SAXS or SANS) and the surface sensitivity of grazing incidence diffraction (GID). ==GISAS applications== A typical application of GISAS is the characterisation of self-assembly and self-organization on the nanoscale in thin films. Systems studied by GISAS include quantum dot arrays,〔T. H. Metzger, I. Kegel, R. Paniago, A. Lorke, J. Peisl, J. Schulze, I. Eisele, P. Schittenhelm, and G. Abstreiter: "Shape, size, strain and correlations in quantum dot systems studied by grazing incidence X-ray scattering methods", Thin Solid Films 336,1-8 (1998).〕 growth instabilities formed during in-situ growth,〔Gilles Renaud, Rémi Lazzari, Christine Revenant, Antoine Barbier, Marion Noblet, Olivier Ulrich, Frédéric Leroy, Jacques Jupille, Yves Borensztein, Claude R. Henry, Jean-Paul Deville, Fabrice Scheurer, Jeannot Mane-Mane, and Olivier Fruchart: "Real-Time Monitoring of Growing Nanoparticles", Science 300, 1416 (2003).〕 self-organized nanostructures in thin films of block copolymers,〔Detlef-M. Smilgies, Peter Busch, Dorthe Posselt, and Christine M. Papadakis: "Characterization of Polymer Thin Films with Small-Angle X-ray Scattering under Grazing Incidence (GISAXS)", Synchrotron Radiation News, Issue 15(5), p. 35-42, 2002.〕 silica mesophases,〔A. Gibaud, D. Grosso, B. Smarsly, A. Baptiste, J. F. Bardeau, F. Babonneau, D. A. Doshi, Z. Chen, C. Jeffrey Brinker, and C. Sanchez: "Evaporation-Controlled Self-Assembly of Silica Surfactant Mesophases", J. Phys. Chem. B 107, 6114-6118 (2003).〕 〔P. Chatterjee, S. Hazra and H. Amenitsch: "Substrate and drying effect in shape and ordering of micelles inside CTAB-silica mesostructured films", Soft Matter 8, 2956 (2012).〕 and nanoparticles.〔S. Hazra, A. Gibaud and C. Sella: "Tunable absorption of Au-Al2O3 nanocermet thin films and its morphology", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 395 (2004).〕 〔Aaron E. Saunders, Ali Ghezelbash, Detlef-M. Smilgies, Michael B. Sigman Jr., and Brian A. Korgel: "Columnar Self-Assembly of Colloidal Nanodisks", Nano Letters 6, 2959-2963(2006).〕 GISAXS was introduced by Levine and Cohen〔J. R. Levine, J. B. Cohen, Y. W. Chung and P. Georgopoulos:" Grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering: new tool for studying thin film growth" , J. Appl. Cryst. 22, 528-532 (1989).〕 to study the dewetting of gold deposited on a glass surface. The technique was further developed by Naudon〔A. Naudon in H. Brumberger (ed.): "Modern Aspects of Small-Angle Scattering", (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, 1995), p. 191.〕 and coworkers to study metal agglomerates on surfaces and in buried interfaces.〔S. Hazra, A. Gibaud, A. Desert, C. Sella, and A. Naudon: "Morphology of nanocermet thin films: x-ray scattering study", Physica B 283, 97 (2000).〕 With the advent of nanoscience other applications evolved quickly, first in hard matter such as the characterization of quantum dots on semiconductor surfaces and the in-situ characterization of metal deposits on oxide surfaces. This was soon to be followed by soft matter systems such as ultrathin polymer films,〔J. S. Gutmann, P. Müller-Buschbaum, D. W. Schubert, N. Stribeck, D. Smilgies, and M. Stamm: "Roughness Correlations in Ultrathin Polymer Blend Films" (Proceedings of SXNS–6), Physica B 283, 40 (2000).〕 polymer blends, block copolymer films and other self-organized nanostructured thin films that have become indispensable for nanoscience and technology. Future challenges of GISAS may lie in biological applications, such as proteins, peptides, or viruses attached to surfaces or in lipid layers. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Grazing-incidence small-angle scattering」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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